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Normal Appearance

MRI

Normal Tissue Signal Characteristics

This table outlines the typical signal intensities of various tissues and structures on common MRI sequences.

Key Mnemonics

  • T1W → Fat hyperintense, fluid hypointense.
  • T2W → Fluid hyperintense, fat hyperintense, grey matter hyperintense vs white matter.
  • PD → Fat markedly hyperintense, cartilage/CSF hyperintense, high anatomical detail.
  • STIR → Fat becomes hypointense, edema/fluid hyperintense.
  • DWI → Hyperintensity on high b-values = restricted diffusion (pathology).
  • FLAIR → Fluid suppression (CSF hypointense), edema/pathology hyperintense.
  • SWI → Blood products & calcification hypointense, venous structures hypointense, high susceptibility effects.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

T1W:HypointenseT2W:HyperintensePD:HyperintenseSTIR:HyperintenseDWI:Hyperintense on b=0, hypointense on high b-values unless restrictedFLAIR:HypointenseSWI:Hypointense

White Matter

T1W:Iso- to slightly hyperintense relative to grey matterT2W:Hypointense relative to grey matterPD:IsointenseSTIR:Hypointense relative to greyDWI:IsointenseFLAIR:Hypointense relative to grey matterSWI:Isointense

Grey Matter

T1W:IsointenseT2W:Hyperintense relative to white matterPD:IsointenseSTIR:Hyperintense relative to white matterDWI:IsointenseFLAIR:Hyperintense relative to white matterSWI:Isointense

Fat (Subcutaneous, Marrow)

T1W:HyperintenseT2W:HyperintensePD:Markedly hyperintenseSTIR:Hypointense (suppressed)DWI:VariableFLAIR:HyperintenseSWI:Hyperintense

Muscle

T1W:Iso- to hypointenseT2W:Iso- to hypointensePD:IsointenseSTIR:HypointenseDWI:IsointenseFLAIR:IsointenseSWI:Isointense

Cartilage

T1W:IsointenseT2W:HyperintensePD:HyperintenseSTIR:HyperintenseDWI:IsointenseFLAIR:HyperintenseSWI:Isointense

Cortical Bone

T1W:HypointenseT2W:HypointensePD:HypointenseSTIR:HypointenseDWI:HypointenseFLAIR:HypointenseSWI:Hypointense

Bone Marrow

T1W:Hyperintense (fat content)T2W:Hyperintense (fat content)PD:Markedly hyperintenseSTIR:Hypointense (fat suppressed)DWI:IsointenseFLAIR:HyperintenseSWI:Hyperintense

Tendons / Ligaments

T1W:HypointenseT2W:HypointensePD:HypointenseSTIR:HypointenseDWI:HypointenseFLAIR:HypointenseSWI:Hypointense

Blood (Flowing)

T1W:Hypointense (flow void)T2W:Hypointense (flow void)PD:HypointenseSTIR:HypointenseDWI:HypointenseFLAIR:Hypointense (flow void)SWI:Hypointense

Subacute Hemorrhage (Intracellular Methemoglobin)

T1W:HyperintenseT2W:VariablePD:HyperintenseSTIR:VariableDWI:May be hyperintense if diffusion restrictedFLAIR:Variable, often hyperintenseSWI:Markedly hypointense

Air

T1W:HypointenseT2W:HypointensePD:HypointenseSTIR:HypointenseDWI:HypointenseFLAIR:HypointenseSWI:Hypointense